Andreina Seijas（哈佛大学，美国）
Mirik Milan Gelders（VibeLab，荷兰）
首次出版时间：2020/1/23｜研究论文
Abstract
The urban night has traditionally been a regimented space characterised by strict policing and surveillance. Early research on the night-time economy documented the expansion of nightlife from a centrepiece of culture-led redevelopment strategies in post-industrial cities, to the introduction of a broad governance apparatus to manage the agglomeration of night-time activity. Over the past two decades, a new actor has emerged: more than 40 cities have appointed night mayors or individuals responsible for maintaining nocturnal vibrancy, while mediating between those who wish to work, party or sleep. This article summarises the results of a qualitative study that gathered information on the origins, propagation and geographic variations in the role to provide a first comprehensive look at this position. Data from 35 night mayors and night-time advocacy organisations from around the world revealed that, though cities differ greatly in their approach towards night-time infrastructure and regulation, there seems to be growing consensus on the need for permanent nocturnal governance structures. By encouraging greater dialogue and experimentation, these structures are challenging traditional approaches to urban governance and paving the way for a new wave of studies on the urban night.
摘要
传统上，夜晚的城市是一个被严格监管、监控的空间。从后工业城市中以文化为主导的再开发战略的核心，再到管理夜间活动集聚的广泛治理机制的引入，夜间经济的早期研究记录了夜生活的扩展。在过去的二十年里，一个新的职务出现了：40多个城市任命了负责维持夜间活力，同时在希望工作、聚会或睡觉的不同人群之间进行调解的夜间市长或官员。本文总结了一项定性研究的结果以首次提供对该职位的全面了解，该研究收集了关于该职位的起源、传播和地理差异的信息。来自世界各地的35名夜间市长和夜间倡导组织的数据显示，尽管城市对夜间基础设施和监管的态度有很大差异，但人们似乎越来越一致地认为需要永久性的夜间治理结构。通过鼓励更多的对话和实验，这些结构正在挑战传统的城市治理方法，并为新一轮的夜间城市研究铺平道路。
Keywords
nightlife, night mayor, planning, urban governance, urban night夜生活, 夜间市长, 规划, 城市治理, 夜间城市
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019895224
Abstract
In a narrative framed by Harvey Molotch’s growth machine thesis, this article examines the globalisation of property in gateway cities, and its contribution to house price inflation in Vancouver, the least affordable market in North America. In response to a floundering British Columbia (BC) economy, a favourable investment and immigration climate welcomed capital and invited capitalists to re-locate their economic skills. Substantial funds flowed to Vancouver from the buoyant Asia Pacific, from distant investors and wealthy immigrants. Capital flows were facilitated by a powerful growth coalition, as the provincial government benefited significantly from these funds, and held a common interest with a vigorous trans-Pacific property industry. Supporting this growth coalition, the deregulation of private institutions and the under-resourcing of public agencies working in the capital/real estate nexus provided an ecology favourable to the ‘animal spirits’ of the market, including real estate opportunism and money laundering. Such a growth ecology, exacerbating severe unaffordability, may exist in other globally networked cities, though relations are rarely so well developed and so powerful in their effects.
摘要
本文的论述以哈维•莫洛奇（Harvey Molotch）的增长机器理论为框架，探讨门户城市的房地产全球化，及其对温哥华这一房价最超负担能力的北美市场房价上涨的贡献。为了应对苦苦挣扎的不列颠哥伦比亚省经济状况，该省营造了有利的投资和移民环境，欢迎资本的到来并鼓励资本家带着其经济技能前来。大量资金从繁荣的亚太地区、遥远的投资者和富裕的移民流向温哥华。强大的增长联盟促进了资本流动，省政府从这些资金中受益匪浅，并与蓬勃发展的跨太平洋房地产业有着共同利益。对私人机构的放松管制、以及在资本/房地产关系中工作的公共机构资源不足导致了一个鼓励市场“动物精神”的生态环境（包括房地产投机和洗钱），支持着这一增长联盟。这种增长生态进一步加剧了本已严重的房价超负担能力。其也可能存在于其他全球网络内的城市中，尽管此等关系很少如此成熟，影响如此强大。
Keywords
deregulation, growth machine, unaffordable housing, Vancouver, globalisation of property
关键词放松管制, 增长机器, 房价超负担能力, 温哥华, 房地产全球化
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019895226
Foreigners as gentrifiers and tourists in a Mexican historic district
外国人作为墨西哥历史文化地区绅士化和旅游业发展的推动力
David Navarrete Escobedo（瓜纳华托大学，墨西哥）首次出版时间：2020/1/29｜研究论文
Abstract
Transnational gentrification has become a key element of urban and sociocultural transformations in several Latin American countries. New urban policies and transnational real estate markets adapt the city in order to respond to the expectations of transnational middle classes. This paper explores the case of San Miguel de Allende in Mexico. Methodologically, it adopts a qualitative approach and analyses two of the most important manifestations of transnational gentrification: lifestyle migration and luxury tourism. Historical files on protected buildings in San Miguel de Allende’s historic centre were used to observe functional alterations. This is supplemented with other statistical data (including the spatial pattern of Airbnb rentals) and direct observations of public spaces. I propose that transnational gentrification leads to a heritage-led transnationalisation of real estate, evidenced by luxury housing, boutique hotels, art galleries and other high culture spaces that cater to higher-income lifestyle migrants and tourists. As a result, the new class of owners and users changes the place’s identity, which has implications for lower-income groups’ right to the city. The process in San Miguel de Allende is analogous to processes in cities such as London, New York or Paris, where notions of heritage urbanism have also helped transnationalise local real estate markets. However, it also evinces other processes that are more difficult to appreciate in the Global North (growing rent gaps, real estate companies’ aggressive pursuit of gentrification and deep historical inequalities that are exacerbated by heritage-led gentrification).
摘要
跨国绅士化已经成为几个拉丁美洲国家城市和社会文化变革的一个关键因素。新的城市政策和跨国房地产市场使城市适应跨国中产阶级的期望。本文探讨了墨西哥圣米格尔德阿连德（San Miguel de Allende）的案例。在方法上，本文采用定性方法，分析了跨国绅士化的两个最重要的表现形式：生活方式迁移和奢华旅游。圣米格尔德阿连德历史中心受保护建筑的历史档案被用来观察功能的改变。此外还有其他统计数据（包括爱彼迎租赁的空间规律）和对公共空间的直接观察。我认为，跨国绅士化导致文化遗产主导的房地产跨国化，豪华住宅、精品酒店、美术馆和其他迎合高收入生活方式移民和游客的高文化空间就是明证。结果，新的所有者和使用者阶层改变了地方的身份，从而影响低收入群体对城市的权利。圣米格尔德阿连德的过程类似于伦敦、纽约或巴黎等城市的过程，在这些城市，文化遗产城市化的理念推动了当地房地产市场的跨国化。然而，本文还显示了在全球北方更难以理解的其他过程，例如租金差距日益扩大，房地产公司积极追求绅士化，以及历史上根深蒂固的不平等因文化遗产主导的绅士化而加剧。
Keywords gentrification, heritage, Latin America, migration, tourism
关键词绅士化, 文化遗产, 拉丁美洲, 移民, 旅游业
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019896532
5What’s so special about character?
特色区域有何特别？
Mario A. Fernandez（奥克兰议会，新西兰）
Shane L. Martin（奥克兰议会，新西兰）
首次出版时间：2020/1/29｜研究论文
Abstract
Special Character Areas (SCAs) in Auckland, New Zealand, are areas with distinctive aesthetic, physical and visual qualities. Preservation policies entail controls on the design and appearance of new buildings, and on demolition, additions and alterations to existing buildings. To promote densification of the city, the Auckland Unitary Plan (AUP) removed SCA preservation rules in certain areas. This article assesses the trade-off between SCA preservation and housing development. We employ hedonic prices models to about 85,000 sale transactions between 2012 and 2016 and find that in 2012, the SCA price premium was 11.4% whereas the premium on upzoned properties (those with increased development allowances under the AUP) was zero. Over time, the SCA premium decreases, and by 2016 it was down to about 4.3%. At the same time, upzoning premiums increased to about 5% in 2016. These results reveal a demand shift from the protections of SCA towards flexibility on the development options of land.
摘要
新西兰奥克兰的特色区（ScA）是具有独特美学、物理和视觉品质的区域。保护政策要求控制新建筑的设计和外观，以及现有建筑的拆除、扩建和改建。为了促进城市的密集化，奥克兰统一规划（AUP）取消了某些区域的SCA保护规定。本文研究SCA保护与住房开发之间的利弊权衡。通过将享乐价格模型应用于2012年至2016年期间的约85,000笔销售交易，我们发现2012年SCA的溢价比例为11.4%，而分区提升的房地产（在AUP下提升了开发许可）的溢价为零。随着时间的推移，SCA溢价有所下降，到2016年降至4.3%左右。与此同时，2016年，分区提升溢价上升至5%左右。这些结果表明了需求的转变，即从保护SCA转向土地开发选择的灵活性。
Keywords built environment, economic processes, land use, planning, policy, special character areas, substitutability
关键词建筑环境, 经济过程, 土地使用, 规划, 政策, 特色区域, 可替代性
原文地址
https://doi.org/10.1177/0042098019895774